{"id":7530,"date":"2018-02-10T01:45:10","date_gmt":"2018-02-10T09:45:10","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/gayecho.com\/news\/?p=7530"},"modified":"2018-02-10T01:45:10","modified_gmt":"2018-02-10T09:45:10","slug":"nevidljiva-istorija-lgbtiq-zajednice-u-rusiji","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/gayecho.com\/news\/nevidljiva-istorija-lgbtiq-zajednice-u-rusiji\/","title":{"rendered":"Nevidljiva istorija LGBTIQ zajednice u Rusiji"},"content":{"rendered":"

Nije lako informisati se o LGBTIQ istoriji u zemlji u kojoj je homofobija jo\u0161 uvek prisutna na svim dru\u0161tvenim nivoima, pa u Rusiji istra\u017eivanja na ovu temu uglavnom rade nau\u010dnici iz drugih zemalja. Ve\u0107ina ruskih istorijskih tekstova o homoseksualnosti, \u010dak i kada se radi o sadr\u017eajima koje su napisali priznati istori\u010dari i nau\u010dnici, \u00a0se jo\u0161 uvek zanemaruje, te se o queer kulturi koja je postavila temelje za \u017eivot homoseksualaca u Sovjetskom savezu, te post-komunisti\u010dkoj Rusiji, jedva ne\u0161to zna.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Mikhail Kuzmin, Wings<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Istori\u010dar Dan Healey u svojoj knjizi Homosexual Desire in Revolutionary Russia<\/em><\/a> isti\u010de da je, uprkos postojanju nekoliko zakona koji su zabranjivali odre\u0111ene seksualne prakse, seksualnost u Rusiji pre revolucije bila slabo regulisana<\/strong>, te slobodnija nego u bilo kom delu Evrope tog vremena. Jo\u0161 nekoliko istra\u017eiva\u010da tvrdi sli\u010dno, te isti\u010de da istorijske \u010dinjenice ukazuju na to da se na homoseksualnost u Rusiji pre XVIII veka gledalo sa velikom dozom popustljivosti<\/strong>, te da je homofobiju iz Evrope \u201euvezao\u201c Petar Veliki, a zajedno sa hranom, arhitekturom i modom<\/strong>. Drugi pak tvrde da je jo\u0161 njegov otac, car Aleksej, po\u010deo sa progonom homoseksualaca, ali je prvi zakon koji je homoseksualnost u\u010dinio ilegalnom, a koji se prvobitno odnosio samo na mu\u0161karce u vojsci i mornarici, ipak potpisao Petar veliki 1716. godine<\/strong>. Civilima je homoseksualnost uskra\u0107ena tek 1835. godine, te je zabrana ponovo va\u017eila samo za mu\u0161karce. Zabele\u017eeno je tek nekoliko slu\u010daja primenjivanja ovih zakona, a sve br\u017ea urbanizacija, te ukidanje kmetstva, omogu\u0107ili su da se LGBTIQ zajednice formiraju u Sankt Peterburgu i Moskvi<\/strong>, te drugim velikim gradovima.<\/p>\n

U eseju iz 1913. godine, koji je naslovljen Moonlight People, <\/em>pisac i filozof <\/em>Vasily Rozanov isti\u010de da je homoseksualnost bila istorijski deo ne samo ruskog, ve\u0107 i \u017eivota ortodoksnih hri\u0161\u0107ana<\/strong>, te dodaje da nekoliko dela iz srednjovekovne ruske literature, poput \u017ditija Borisa i Gleba<\/em><\/a>, sadr\u017ei sna\u017ene naznake da su neki junaci, obi\u010dno sveci i mu\u010denici, bili gej<\/strong>. Drugi istra\u017eiva\u010di su, pak, do\u0161li do podataka da su mo\u0107ni gej mu\u0161karci tog vremena, a koji su obi\u010dno bili deo politi\u010dke elite, koristili svoje polo\u017eaje da pomognu svojim ljubavnicima u razvijanju karijere<\/strong>, te im nalazili bolja postavljenja, zbog \u010dega su se \u010desto nalazili na meti satiri\u010dara.<\/p>\n

Kada je XIX vek u pitanju, ve\u0107ina prou\u010davanih \u010dlanova LGBTIQ zajednice (ovaj termin se, kada je pro\u0161lost u pitanju, uslovno koristi) pripadala je plemstvu \u2013 uklju\u010duju\u0107i i pripadnike carske porodice \u2013 ali su njihovi \u017eivoti do danas ostali obavijeni velom misterije<\/strong>, budu\u0107i da je iskrena komunikacija o homoseksualnosti, i seksualnosti uop\u0161te, \u00a0u Rusiji i danas na meti predrasuda, te predstavlja tabu. Jedan od najboljih primera je Veliki Vojvoda Konstantin<\/a>, unuk cara Nikolaja I Pavlovi\u010da i ujak Nikolaja II<\/strong>, o \u010dijoj se homoseksualnosti saznalo tek 1994 godine<\/strong>, skoro 80 godina posle njegove smrti, a kada su objavljeni njegovi dnevnici. Konstantin se kroz ovo \u0161tivo detaljno prise\u0107a nemira koji je ose\u0107ao kada je poku\u0161avao da obuzda svoje potrebe<\/strong>, a naro\u010dito prilikom poseta javnim kupatilima, koja su u to vreme predstavljala centar mu\u0161ke prostitucije.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Karl Pospeshil, rva\u010d- 1912.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Seksualni rad je jo\u0161 jedan aspekt koji je rado prou\u010davan, a najpre zbog postojanja velikog broja arhivskih dokumenata, te medijskih \u010dlanaka iz tog vremena, kao i svedo\u010denja savremenika. \u017denska prostitucija je u to vreme u Rusiji bila legalizovana do odre\u0111enog stepena<\/strong>, te regulisana, dok se mu\u0161ka paralelno razvijala, ali se zadr\u017eala u podzemnim tokovima<\/strong>. Nekoliko novinara je pisalo u atmosferi u javnim kupatilima, neki sa dozom neprijateljstva, drugi pak sa radoznalo\u0161\u0107u i \u017eeljom za istra\u017eivanjem.<\/p>\n

Geografija LGBTIQ zajednice u Sankt Peterburgu je tako\u0111e prili\u010dno dobro dokumentovana, te svedo\u010de o tome da je trg Nevsky bio popularno mesto za <\/strong>kruzing<\/a>. Zna\u010dajni podaci dolazili su i od anonimnih prijava koje su stizale policiji<\/strong>, od kojih su neke, mnogo detaljnije nego \u0161to bi to u\u010dinio bilo koji istori\u010dar, opisivale svakodnevni \u017eivot gej mu\u0161karaca, te na\u010dine na koje su se zabavljali. Jedna od takvih prijava opisuje ku\u0107ne zabave koje je lokalni bogata\u0161 prire\u0111ivao za svoje gej prijatelje, na kojima su se de\u0161avale prete\u010de drag nastupa, igranke do \u010detiri ujutru, te obilne ve\u010dere posle kojih bi obi\u010dno dolazilo do orgija<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Postoje i svedo\u010denja o ranim drag poku\u0161ajima, a izvan privatnih prostora, te je nekoliko novinara tog vremena pisalo o tome da se mu\u0161ki seksualni radnici, te njihovi klijenti, obla\u010de u \u017eensku ode\u0107u, \u0161minkaju, te pona\u0161aju \u201efeminizirano\u201c u javnosti.<\/p>\n

Prvi <\/strong>knji\u017eevni uradak<\/a> koji se bavio homoseksualno\u0161\u0107u objavljen je 1906. u Vesy <\/em>magazinu<\/strong>, a pod naslovom Wings<\/em><\/a>. Pri\u010da koju je napisao Mikhail Kuzmin prati studenta koji razvija ose\u0107anja prema svom profesoru<\/strong>, a odba\u010dena je od najve\u0107eg dela stru\u010dne javnosti, uklju\u010duju\u0107i i one koji su ina\u010de imali progresivne poglede na knji\u017eevnost. Kuzminovni dnevnici danas predstavljaju jedan od najdragocenijih izvora za mapiranje LGBTIQ \u017eivota u Sankt Peterburgu tog doba.<\/p>\n

O lezbejskim zajednicama ima malo svedo\u010danstava<\/strong>, budu\u0107i da se o gej \u017eenama nije raspravljalo. Na \u017eensku homoseksualnost nije gledano kao na ne\u0161to \u0161to je uop\u0161te mogu\u0107e, pa samim tim nije bila ilegalna, te nema policijskih arhiva na ovu temu, ve\u0107 samo nekoliko medicinskih nalaza koji govore o le\u010denju \u201elezbijanizma\u201c. Na kraju, lezbejke su u to vreme do\u017eivljavane kao ne\u0161to egzoti\u010dno, te nisu shvatane ozbiljno<\/strong>, budu\u0107i da nisu vi\u0111ene kao pretnja patrijarhalnom poretku.<\/p>\n

Kako se po\u010detkom XX veka pojavio sve ve\u0107i broj liberalnih pokreta<\/strong>, sve se vi\u0161e govorilo o dekriminalizaciji homoseksualnosti, naro\u010dito u pravnim krugovima. Jedna od glavnih figura ovog pokreta bio je Vladimir Nabokov \u2013 otac pisca Vladimira Nabokova, poznati advokat i osniva\u010d Demokratske partije. On je ujedno i prvi ruski politi\u010dar koji se javno zalagao za gej prava<\/strong>, te se bavio zakonskim polo\u017eajem \u010dlanova LGBTIQ zajednice u carskoj Rusiji, i borio za dekriminalizaciju. Posle revolucije 1905. godine<\/a>, zakoni koji su sankcionisali homoseksualnost postali su ja\u010di nego ikada, a dolazili su od ve\u0107inski homofobi\u010dnih politi\u010dara.<\/p>\n

Homoseksualnost je legalizovana 1917. godine<\/strong>, kada su odba\u010deni svi carski zakoni, a neki bolj\u0161evici, poput ruske komunisti\u010dke revolucionarke Alexandre Kollontai<\/a>, koja se bolj\u0161evicima priklju\u010dila 1915, radili su u Svetskoj ligi za seksualnu reformu, promovisali toleranciju, te reformu zakona za zabranu homoseksualnosti. Ovaj napredak je prekinut 1933. kada je Staljin stupio na scenu<\/strong>, pa je mu\u0161ka seksualnost ponovo kriminalizovana, te su se gej mu\u0161karci \u010desto progla\u0161avali \u0161pijunima, kontrarevolucionarima i klasnim neprijateljima<\/strong>. Period represije potrajao je dugih 60 godine, te su se prvi LGBTIQ aktivisti pojavili tek posle post-sovjetskog ustava iz 1991. godine<\/strong>, nesvesni toga da \u0107e njihova borba potrajati mnogo du\u017ee nego \u0161to su verovali.<\/p>\n

Izvor: Calvert Jornal<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

Preveo Milan \u017divanovi\u0107<\/em><\/p>\n

Izvor: XXZ magazin<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Nije lako informisati se o LGBTIQ istoriji u zemlji u kojoj je homofobija jo\u0161 uvek prisutna na svim dru\u0161tvenim nivoima, pa u Rusiji istra\u017eivanja na ovu temu uglavnom rade nau\u010dnici […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":7531,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[11],"tags":[413,127,186,295],"class_list":["post-7530","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-drustvo","tag-istrorija","tag-knjizevnost","tag-rusija","tag-xxz-magazin"],"yoast_head":"\nNevidljiva istorija LGBTIQ zajednice u Rusiji - GayEcho<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/gayecho.com\/news\/nevidljiva-istorija-lgbtiq-zajednice-u-rusiji\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Nevidljiva istorija LGBTIQ zajednice u Rusiji - GayEcho\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Nije lako informisati se o LGBTIQ istoriji u zemlji u kojoj je homofobija jo\u0161 uvek prisutna na svim dru\u0161tvenim nivoima, pa u Rusiji istra\u017eivanja na ovu temu uglavnom rade nau\u010dnici […]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/gayecho.com\/news\/nevidljiva-istorija-lgbtiq-zajednice-u-rusiji\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"GayEcho\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/gayecho\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2018-02-10T09:45:10+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/gayecho.com\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/istorijasport2018-02.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"880\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"440\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"admin\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"admin\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"6 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/gayecho.com\\\/news\\\/nevidljiva-istorija-lgbtiq-zajednice-u-rusiji\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/gayecho.com\\\/news\\\/nevidljiva-istorija-lgbtiq-zajednice-u-rusiji\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"admin\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/gayecho.com\\\/news\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/8242572e33fa715d40519064238b57d2\"},\"headline\":\"Nevidljiva istorija LGBTIQ zajednice u Rusiji\",\"datePublished\":\"2018-02-10T09:45:10+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/gayecho.com\\\/news\\\/nevidljiva-istorija-lgbtiq-zajednice-u-rusiji\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":1176,\"commentCount\":1,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/gayecho.com\\\/news\\\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/gayecho.com\\\/news\\\/nevidljiva-istorija-lgbtiq-zajednice-u-rusiji\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/gayecho.com\\\/news\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2018\\\/02\\\/istorijasport2018-02.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"istrorija\",\"knji\u017eevnost\",\"Rusija\",\"XXZ magazin\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Dru\u0161tvo\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/gayecho.com\\\/news\\\/nevidljiva-istorija-lgbtiq-zajednice-u-rusiji\\\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/gayecho.com\\\/news\\\/nevidljiva-istorija-lgbtiq-zajednice-u-rusiji\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/gayecho.com\\\/news\\\/nevidljiva-istorija-lgbtiq-zajednice-u-rusiji\\\/\",\"name\":\"Nevidljiva istorija LGBTIQ zajednice u Rusiji - 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